Notes For The Breathing Cure for Better Sleep

Chapter 1

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  3. Borel, J. C., Tamisier, R., Dias-Domingos, S., Sapene, M., Martin, F., Stach, B., Grillet, Y., Muir, J. F., Levy, P., Series, F., Pepin, J. L., & Scientific Council of The Sleep Registry of the French Federation of Pneumology (OSFP) (2013). Type of mask may impact on continuous
    positive airway pressure adherence in apneic patients. PloS One, 8(5), e64382.
  4. Labarca, G., Sands, S. A., Cohn, V., Demko, G., Vena, D., Messineo, L., Gell, L., Hess, L., White, D.P., Wellman, A., and Azarbarzin, A. 2022). Mouth closing to improve the efficacy of mandibular advancement devices in sleep apnea. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 19(7), 1185–1192.
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  7. Tuomilehto, H.P., Seppa, J.M., Partinen, M.M., Peltonen, M., Gylling, H., Tuomilehto, J.O., Vanninen, E.J., Kokkarinen, J., Sahlman, J.K., Martikainen, T. and Soini, E.J., 2009. Lifestyle intervention with weight reduction: first-line treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea. American
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  12. Abreu, R. R., Rocha, R. L., Lamounier, J. A., and Guerra, A. F. (2008). Etiology, clinical manifestations, and concurrent findings in mouth-breathing children. Jornal de Pediatria, 84(6), 529–535.
  13. Triana, B. E. G., Ali, A. H., and León, I. G. (2016). Mouth breathing and its relationship to some oral and medical conditions: physiopathological mechanisms involved. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas, 15(2), 200–212.
  14. Canuto, M. S. B., Moura, J. B. D., and Anjos, C. A. L. D. (2016). Feeding preference of mouth breathers of an elementary school. Revista CEFAC, 18, 811–817.

Chapter 2

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  3. Shi, J., & Long, J. (2018). The relationship between sleep quality and occupational stress among Chinese workers. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 612.
  4. Khan, R. (2018, February 1). Long working hours and less sleep: Are
    we inadvertently becoming cheaters? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/
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    Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET). Journal of Sleep Research, 1(4), 223–230.
  13. Williamson, A. M., & Feyer, A. M. (2000). Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10), 649–655.
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  17. American College of Cardiology. (2023, February 22). Getting good sleep could add years to your life. American College of Cardiology. Retrieved January 10, 2024, from https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/Press-Releases/2023/02/22/21/35/Getting-Good-Sleep-Could-Add-Years-to-Your-Life.
  18. Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal human sleep: an overview. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4(1), 13–23.
  19. Patel, A. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., and Araujo, J. F. (2024). Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  20. Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal human sleep: an overview. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4(1), 13–23.
  21. Walker, M. P. (2018). Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams. Penguin Books.
  22. Patel, A. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., & Araujo, J. F. (2024). Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  23. Walker, M. P. (2018). Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams. Penguin Books.
  24. Walker, M. P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 168–197.
  25. Patel, A. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., & Araujo, J. F. (2024). Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  26. Neurolaunch (Eds). August 26, 2024. Deep Sleep and Growth Hormone Release in Children: A Crucial Connection. Accessed November 11,
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  27. Patel, A. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., & Araujo, J. F. (2024). Physiology, sleep stages. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  28. Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal human sleep: an overview. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4(1), 13–23.
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  40. Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540–545.
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  43. Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307.
  44. Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540–545.
  45. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds III, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213.
  46. Chung, F., Yegneswaran, B., Liao, P., Chung, S. A., Vairavanathan, S., Islam, S., Khajehdehi, A., & Shapiro, C. M. (2008). STOP questionnaire: A tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology, 108(5), 812–821.
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Chapter 3

  1. Naska, A., Oikonomou, E., Trichopoulou, A., Psaltopoulou, T., & Trichopoulos, D. (2007). Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 296–301.
  2. Loomis, A. L., Harvey, E. N., & Hobart, G. A. (1937). Cerebral states during sleep, as studied by human brain potentials. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(2), 127.
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  4. Guilleminault, C., and De Los Reyes, V. (2011). Upper-airway resistance syndrome. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 98, 401–409.
  5. Guilleminault, C., Stoohs, R., Clerk, A., Cetel, M., and Maistros, P. (1993). A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness: the upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest, 104(3), 781–787.

Chapter 4

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    evaluation of the acute effects of daylight saving time on traffic accident risk. Current Biology, 30(4), 729–735.
  5. Janszky, I., & Ljung, R. (2008). Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(18), 1966–1968.
  6. Walker, M. P. (2008). Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Medicine, 9, S29–S34.
  7. Eugene, A. R., & Masiak, J. (2015). The neuroprotective aspects of sleep. MEDtube Science, 3(1), 35.
  8. Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017). The sleep-deprived human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(7), 404–418.
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  11. Eugene, A. R., & Masiak, J. (2015). The neuroprotective aspects of sleep. MEDtube Science, 3(1), 35.
  12. Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017). The sleep-deprived human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(7), 404–418.
  13. Morin, C. M., & Jarrin, D. C. (2022). Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 17(2), 173–191.
  14. Walker, M. P. (2008). Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Medicine, 9, S29–S34.
  15. Walker, M. P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 168–197.
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  20. Chen, J., Chen, N., Huang, T., Huang, N., Zhuang, Z., & Liang, H. (2022). Sleep pattern, healthy lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18317.
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  24. Walker, M. P. (2018). Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams. Penguin Books.
  25. Walker, M. P. (2008). Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Medicine, 9, S29–S34.
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  32. Walker, M. P. (2018). Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams. Penguin Books.
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  34. Greer, S. M., Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2013). The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Nature Communications, 4, 2259.
  35. Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2013). Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults. Sleep, 36(7), 981–990.
  36. Buxton, O. M., & Marcelli, E. (2010). Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 1027–1036.
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  40. Greer, S. M., Goldstein, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2013). The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Nature ommunications, 4, 2259.
  41. Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2013). Effects of experimental sleep restriction on weight gain, caloric intake, and meal timing in healthy adults. Sleep, 36(7), 981–990.
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Chapter 5

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  2. Kiesel, K., Rhodes, T., Mueller, J., Waninger, A., & Butler, R. (2017). Development of a screening protocol to identify individuals with dysfunctional breathing. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(5), 774.
  3. Courtney, R. (2016). Multi-dimensional model of dysfunctional breathing and integrative breathing therapy–commentary on the functions of breathing and its dysfunctions and their relationship to breathing therapy. J Yoga Phys Ther, 6(4), 257.
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  8. Lin, L., Zhao, T., Qin, D., Hua, F., & He, H. (2022). The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 929165.
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  15. Wynne, J. W. (1982). Obstruction of the nose and breathing during sleep. Chest, 82(6), 657–658.
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  22. Svensson, S. et al. 2006. Increased Net Water Loss by Oral Compared to Nasal Expiration in Healthy Subjects. Rhinology, 44, 1: 74.
  23. Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O’Rourke, D. (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheffield, England), 13(4), 298–309.
  24. Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O’Rourke, D. (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheffield, England), 13(4), 298–309.
  25. Banushi, B., Brendle, M., Ragnhildstveit, A., Murphy, T., Moore, C., Egberts, J., & Robison, R. (2023). Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review. Brain Sciences, 13(2), 256.
  26. Fincham, G. W., Strauss, C., Montero-Marin, J., & Cavanagh, K. (2023). Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 432.
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  29. Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Seidel, A., Bhaskara, L., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(5), 691.
  30. Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018). How breath-control can change your life: a systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 353.
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Chapter 6

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  2. Singh, S., Keller, P. R., Busija, L., McMillan, P., Makrai, E., Lawrenson, J. G., Hull, C. C., & Downie, L. E. (2023). Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8(8), CD013244.
  3. The Matt Walker Podcast #11: Sleep and Caffeine—Part 2. December 20, 2021.
  4. National Center for Education Statistics February 2020. Start Time for U.S. Public High Schools. Retrieved January 16, 2025, from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020006/index.asp.
  5. Wahlstrom, K. (2016). Later start time for teens improves grades, mood, and safety. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/later-school-start-times-improve-teenage-health/.
  6. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). School start times for adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(3), 642–649.
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). School start times for middle school and high school students—United States, 2011–12 school year. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(30), 809–813. Retrieved 15 January, 2025, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a1.htm.
  8. Miller, A. (June 28, 2022). Will a sleep divorce help your relationship? Here’s what experts think. TODAY. https://www.today.com/health/sleep/sleep-divorce-rcna35021.
  9. Jocz, P., Stolarski, M., & Jankowski, K. S. (2018). Similarity in chronotype and preferred time for sex and its role in relationship quality and sexual satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 443.
  10. Davies, A. (July 17, 2024). The dos and don’ts of a sleep divorce, according to an expert. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/the-dos-and-donts
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  13. The Matt Walker Podcast#8: Sleep and Alcohol—Part 1. November 08, 2021.

Chapter 7

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  5. Hepsomali, P., Groeger, J. A., Nishihira, J., & Scholey, A. (2020). Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 559962.
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  13. Fincham, G. W., Strauss, C., Montero-Marin, J., & Cavanagh, K. (2023). Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 432.
  14. Kiesel, K., Rhodes, T., Mueller, J., Waninger, A., & Butler, R. (2017). Development of a screening protocol to identify individuals with dysfunctional breathing. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(5), 774.
  15. Leyro, T. M., Versella, M. V., Yang, M. J., Brinkman, H. R., Hoyt, D. L., & Lehrer, P. (2021). Respiratory therapy for the treatment of anxiety: Meta-analytic review and regression. Clinical Psychology Review, 84, 101980.
  16. Meuret, A. E., & Ritz, T. (2010). Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: empirical evidence and clinical strategies. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78(1), 68–79.
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  20. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  21. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  22. McKeown, P. (2021). The Breathing Cure: Exercises to Develop New Breathing Habits for a Healthier, Happier and Longer Life. OxyAT Books.
  23. Wielgosz, J., Schuyler, B., Lutz, A. et al., Long-term mindfulness training is associated with reliable differences in resting respiration rate. Sci Rep 6, 27533 (2016).
  24. Sauvet, F., Leftheriotis, G., Gomez-Merino, D., Langrume, C., Drogou, C., Van Beers, P., & Chennaoui, M. (2010). Effect of acute sleep deprivation on vascular function in healthy subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(1), 68–75.
  25. Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O’Rourke, D. (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheffield, England), 13(4), 298–309.
  26. Banushi, B., Brendle, M., Ragnhildstveit, A., Murphy, T., Moore, C., Egberts, J., & Robison, R. (2023). Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review. Brain Sciences, 13(2), 256.
  27. Fincham, G. W., Strauss, C., Montero-Marin, J., & Cavanagh, K. (2023). Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 432.
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Chapter 8

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  7. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.

Chapter 9

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  2. Yaremchuk K. (2020). Why and When to Treat Snoring. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 53(3), 351–365.
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  6. Yaffe, K., Laffan, A. M., Harrison, S. L., Redline, S., Spira, A. P., Ensrud, K. E., & Stone, K. L. (2011). Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA, 306(6), 613–619.
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  9. Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (2011). Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA, 305(21), 2173–2174.
  10. Kohn, T. P., Kohn, J. R., Haney, N. M., Pastuszak, A. W., & Lipshultz, L. I. (2020). The effect of sleep on men’s health. Translational Andrology and Urology, 9(Suppl 2), S178–S185.
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  19. Yaffe, K., Laffan, A. M., Harrison, S. L., Redline, S., Spira, A. P., Ensrud, K. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Stone, K. L. (2011). Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA, 306(6), 613–619.
  20. Tobias, L., Thapa, S., & Won, C. H. (2021). Impact of sex on sleep disorders across the lifespan. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 42(3), 427–442.
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  22. Rugvedh, P., Gundreddy, P., & Wandile, B. (2023). The menstrual cycle’s influence on sleep duration and cardiovascular health: a comprehensive review. Cureus, 15(10), e47292.
  23. Tobias, L., Thapa, S., & Won, C. H. (2021). Impact of sex on sleep disorders across the lifespan. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 42(3), 427–442.
  24. Slatkovska, L., Jensen, D., Davies, G. A., & Wolfe, L. A. (2006). Phasic menstrual cycle effects on the control of breathing in healthy women. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 154(3), 379–388.
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Chapter 10

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  6. del Campo Matías, F., Albi, T. R., & Sanz, C. Z. (2012). Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome–A Twenty-Five Years Experience. Sleep Disorders. Available from www.cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32154/InTech-Upper_airway_resistance_syndrome_a_twenty_five_years_experience.pdf.
  7. Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., Skatrud, J., Weber, S., & Badr, S. (1993). The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle￾aged adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(17), 1230–1235.
  8. Peppard, P. E., Young, T., Barnet, J. H., Palta, M., Hagen, E. W., & Hla, K. M. (2013). Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 177(9), 1006–1014.
  9. Ling, V. (Oct 09, 2024) Sleep apnea statistics. National Council on Aging. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.ncoa.org/adviser/sleep/sleep-apnea-statistics/.
  10. Benjafield, A. V., Ayas, N. T., Eastwood, P. R., Heinzer, R., Ip, M. S., Morrell, M. J., & Malhotra, A. (2019). Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7(8), 687–698.
  11. Verbraecken, J. (n.d.). Classification of sleep disorders. British Sleep Society. Retrieved from https://www.sleepsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Classification_Sleep_disorders.pdf.
  12. Zieliński, G., Pająk, A., & Wójcicki, M. (2024). Global prevalence of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism in pediatric and adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(14), 4259.
  13. Sambale, J., Koehler, U., Conradt, R., Kesper, K., Cassel, W., Degerli, M., … & Korbmacher-Steiner, H. M. (2024). Is sleep bruxism in obstructive sleep apnea only an oral health related problem? BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 565.

Chapter 10A

  1. Morin, C. M., & Jarrin, D. C. (2022). Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 17(2), 173–191.
  2. Hafner, M., et al. March 16, 2023. The societal and economic burden of insomnia in adults. An international study. RAND. Retrieved September 12, 2024 from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2166-1.html.
  3. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2008). Insomnia. Retrieved September 12, 2024 from https://aasm.org/resources/factsheets/insomnia.pdf.
  4. Riemann, D., Espie, C.A., Altena, E., et al. (2023) The European insomnia guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023. Journal of Sleep Research, 32(6), e14035
  5. NICE June 2024. Insomnia: How common is it? Accessed October 22, 2024 from https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/insomnia/background-information/prevalence/.
  6. Luyster, F. S., Dunbar-Jacob, J., Aloia, M. S., & Buysse, D. J. (2021). Sleep apnea and insomnia: Comorbidities, consequences, and treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9248.
  7. Wilson, S., Anderson, K., Baldwin, D., et al. (2019) British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders: An update. Journal of psychopharmacology, 33(8), 923–947.
  8. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  9. Hauglund, N.L., Andersen, M., Tokarska, K., Radovanovic, T., Kjaerby, C., Sørensen, F.L., Bojarowska, Z., Untiet, V., Ballestero, S.B., Kolmos, M.G. and Weikop, P., 2025. Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep. Cell.
  10. Winter, W. C. (2017). The Sleep Solution: Why Your Sleep is Broken and How to Fix It. Berkley.
  11. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0642861/.
  12. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  13. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  14. Tsai, H. J., Kuo, T. B., Lee, G. S., & Yang, C. C. (2015). Efficacy of paced breathing for insomnia: enhances vagal activity and improves sleep quality. Psychophysiology, 52(3), 388–396.
  15. Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018). How breath-control can change your life: a systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 353.
  16. Jerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Barnes, V. A. (2019). Self-regulation of breathing as an adjunctive treatment of insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 780.
  17. Grandner, M. A., & Malhotra, A. (2017). Connecting insomnia, sleep apnoea and depression. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 22(7), 1249–1250.
  18. Tsai, H. J., et al. “Efficacy of paced breathing for insomnia: enhances vagal activity and improves sleep quality.” Psychophysiology, 52.3 (2015): 388–396.

Chapter 10B

  1. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67591-loudest
    -snoring    .
  2. Bakola E., Tsiou C., Bakolas G., Zacharias G. A., Ziavras D., & Parlapani E. (2020).Investigation of the relationship between sleep disorders and xerostomia. Clinical Oral Investigations, 24(1), 67–75.
  3. Boze Bell, B. August 29, 2011. Killed for Snoring? True West Magazine. www://truewestmagazine.com/article/shot-for-snoring/.
  4. Young, T., Palta, M., Dempsey, J., Skatrud, J., Weber, S., & Badr, S. (1993). The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(17), 1230–1235.
  5. Yaremchuk K. (2020). Why and When to Treat Snoring. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 53(3), 351–365.

Chapter 10C

  1. Guilleminault, C., & De Los Reyes, V. (2011). Upper-airway resistance syndrome. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 98, 401–409.
  2. Maggard, M. D., Sankari, A., & Cascella, M. (2023). Upper airway resistance syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564402/.
  3. Guilleminault, C., & Chowdhuri, S. (2000). Upper airway resistance syndrome is a distinct syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161(5), 1412–1413.
  4. Guilleminault, C., & Chowdhuri, S. (2000). Upper airway resistance syndrome is a distinct syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161(5), 1412–1413.
  5. Maggard, M. D., Sankari, A., & Cascella, M. (2023). Upper airway resistance syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564402/.
  6. del Campo Matías, F., Albi, T. R., & Sanz, C. Z. (2012). Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome–A Twenty-Five Years Experience. Sleep Disorders. Available from www.cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32154/InTech-Upper_airway_resistance_syndrome_a_twenty_five_years_experience.pdf.
  7. Guilleminault, C., & Chowdhuri, S. (2000). Upper airway resistance syndrome is a distinct syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161(5), 1412–1413.
  8. Maggard, M. D., Sankari, A., & Cascella, M. (2023). Upper airway resistance syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564402/.

Chapter 10D

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  2. Mink, J. W., Blumenschine, R. J., & Adams, D. B. (1981). Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 241(3), R203–R212.
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    NBK20413/.
  4. Benjafield, A. V., Ayas, N. T., Eastwood, P. R., Heinzer, R., Ip, M. S., Morrell, M. J., & Malhotra, A. (2019). Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7(8), 687–698.
  5. Young, T., Evans, L., Finn, L., & Palta, M. (1997). Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-aged men and women. Sleep, 20(9), 705–706.
  6. American Psychiatric Association. March 2024. What are Sleep Disorders? Retrieved September 12, 2024 from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders.
  7. McKeown, P. (2021). The Breathing Cure: Exercises to Develop New Breathing Habits for a Healthier, Happier and Longer Life. OxyAT Books.
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  9. Simou, E., Britton, J., & Leonardi-Bee, J. (2018). Alcohol and the risk of sleep apnoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine, 42, 38–46.
  10. Suni, E., & Rehman, A. January 2, 2024. Sleep Foundation. The link between alcohol and sleep apnea. Sleep Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea/alcohol-and-sleep-apnea.
  11. Shamsuzzaman, A. S., Gersh, B. J., & Somers, V. K. (2003). Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. JAMA, 290(14), 1906–1914.
  12. Peppard, P. E., Young, T., Palta, M., & Skatrud, J. (2000). Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(19), 1378–1384.
  13. Mansukhani, M. P., Wang, S., & Somers, V. K. (2015). Sleep, death, and the heart. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 309(5), H739–H749
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    -sleep-apnea    .
  15. National Health Service. (August 9, 2022). Sleep Apnoea. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sleep-apnoea/.
  16. Yaffe, K., Laffan, A. M., Harrison, S. L., Redline, S., Spira, A. P., Ensrud, K. E., & Stone, K. L. (2011). Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA, 306(6), 613–619.
  17. Garbarino, S., Bardwell, W. A., Guglielmi, O., Chiorri, C., Bonanni, E., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Association of anxiety and depression in bstructive sleep apnea patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(1), 35–57.
  18. Baldwin, Carol M., et al., “The association of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with quality of life in the Sleep Heart Health Study.” Sleep, 24.1 (2001): 96–105.
  19. Mansukhani, M. P., Wang, S., & Somers, V. K. (2015). Sleep, death, and the heart. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 309(5), H739–H749.
  20. Young, T., Finn, L., Peppard, P. E., Szklo-Coxe, M., Austin, D., Nieto, F. J., & Hla, K. M. (2008). Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep, 31(8), 1071–1078.
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  23. Eckert, D. J., White, D. P., Jordan, A. S., Malhotra, A., & Wellman, A. (2013). Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 188(8), 996–1004.
  24. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
  25. Koka, V., De Vito, A., Roisman, G., Petitjean, M., Filograna Pignatelli, G. R., Padovani, D., & Randerath, W. (2021). Orofacial myofunctional therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a pathophysiological perspective. Medicina, 57(4), 323.
  26. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
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  28. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
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  31. Grandner, M. A., & Malhotra, A. (2017). Connecting insomnia, sleep apnoea and depression. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 22(7), 1249.
  32. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
  33. Malhotra, A., & Jordan, A. (2016). The importance of arousal in obstructive sleep apnea—updates from the American Thoracic Society 2016. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8(Suppl 7), S542.
  34. Malhotra, A., & Jordan, A. (2016). The importance of arousal in obstructive sleep apnea—updates from the American Thoracic Society 2016. Journal of Thoracic Disease 8(Suppl 7), S542.
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    perspective. Medicina, 57(4), 323.
  36. Deacon, N. L., Jen, R., Li, Y., & Malhotra, A. (2016). Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Prospects for personalized combined modality therapy. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(1), 101–108.
  37. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
  38. Koka, V., De Vito, A., Roisman, G., Petitjean, M., Filograna Pignatelli, G. R., Padovani, D., & Randerath, W. (2021). Orofacial myofunctional therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a pathophysiological perspective. Medicina, 57(4), 323.
  39. Messineo, L., Taranto‐Montemurro, L., Azarbarzin, A., Oliveira Marques, M.D., Calianese, N., White, D.P., Wellman, A. and Sands, S.A., 2018. Breath‐holding as a means to estimate the loop gain contribution to obstructive sleep apnoea. Journal of Physiology, 596(17), 4043–4056.
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  41. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
  42. Lai, V., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019). Sleep apnea phenotyping: implications for dental sleep medicine. J Dent Sleep Med, 6(2), 1–12.
  43. Koka, V., De Vito, A., Roisman, G., Petitjean, M., Filograna Pignatelli, G. R., Padovani, D., & Randerath, W. (2021). Orofacial myofunctional therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a pathophysiological perspective. Medicina, 57(4), 323.
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  45. O’Connor-Reina, C., Ignacio Garcia, J. M., Rodriguez Alcala, L., Rodríguez Ruiz, E., Garcia Iriarte, M. T., Casado Morente, J. C., Baptista, P., & Plaza, G. (2021). Improving Adherence to Myofunctional Therapy in the Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(24), 5772.
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    21(2), 387–395.
  47. Eckert, D. J., White, D. P., Jordan, A. S., Malhotra, A., & Wellman, A. (2013). Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 188(8), 996–1004.
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Chapter 11

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  5. Abreu, R. R., Rocha, R. L., Lamounier, et. al., (2008). Prevalence of mouth breathing among children. Jornal de Pediatria, 84, 467–470.
  6. Felcar, J. M., Bueno, I. R., Massan, A. C. S., et. al., (2010). Prevalence of mouth breathing in children from an elementary school. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 15(2), 427.
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  9. Triana, B. E. G., Ali, A. H., & León, I. G. (2016). Mouth breathing and its relationship to some oral and medical conditions: physiopathological mechanisms involved. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas, 15(2), 200–212.
  10. Torre, C., & Guilleminault, C. (2018). Establishment of nasal breathing should be the ultimate goal to secure adequate craniofacial and airway development in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 94(2), 101–103.
  11. Torre, C., & Guilleminault, C. (2018). Establishment of nasal breathing should be the ultimate goal to secure adequate craniofacial and airway development in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 94(2), 101–103.
  12. D’Ascanio, L., Lancione, C., Pompa, G., Rebuffini, E., Mansi, N., & Manzini, M. (2010). Craniofacial growth in children with nasal septum deviation: A cephalometric comparative study. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74(10), 1180–1183.
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  14. Torre, C., & Guilleminault, C. (2018). Establishment of nasal breathing should be the ultimate goal to secure adequate craniofacial and airway development in children. Jornal de Pediatria, 94(2), 101–103.
  15. Jefferson, Y. (2010). Mouth breathing: adverse effects on facial growth, health, academics, and behavior. Gen Dent, 58(1), 18–25.
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Chapter 12

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